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Structure and topology of DNA and RNA.

Packing of DNA.

DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation.

The nucleosome, modifications of histone proteins.

The technologies of molecular biology.

PCR principles and applications.

DNA sequencing.

Analysis of gene expression.

Transcriptional control in prokaryotes.

Lytic and lysogenic cycle of lambda phage.

Transcriptional control in eukaryotes.

Chromatin structure and gene expression.

Epigenetic modifications that control gene expression.

Maturation of RNA in eukaryotes.

Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

The replication of DNA in bacteria, eukaryotes, and retroviruses.

Cellular communication, signal transduction.

The transmission of hereditary characters.

Recombination in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Mapping of genes on chromosomes.

Mechanism of sex determination.

Morphology of the chromosomes.

The karyotype of man.

Chromosomal changes in number and structure.

The blood groups of man.

Human genetic diseases.

Somatic recombinantion.

Organization and evolution of genomes.

Genetics of cancer, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes.

Fluids: Pressure. Stevino law. Pascal and Archimedal principles. Ideal fluids. Continuity equation. Bernoulli theorem. Basics on real fluids. Viscosity.

Thermodynamics: Temperature. Gay-Lussac and Boyle-Mariotte laws. Equation of state for ideal gases. Absolute temperature scale. Basics on kinetic theory of gases and on real gases. Heat and heat capacity. Specific heat. Internal energy. Heat as form of energy. Thermal equilibrium. First law of Thermodynamics. Thermodynamical transformations. Isocor, isobar, isothermal and adiabathic transformations. Changes of state. Thermal machines. The second law of Thermodynamics. Carnot Theorem.

Electomagnetism: Electrostatics. Electric charge. Continuous distribution of charges. Insulators and conductors. Coulomb law. Gauss law. Electric potential. Capacitors. Conductors. Electromotive force. Ohm laws. Electric power. Joule effect. Basics on magnetism. Lorentz force. Electromagnetic induction. Maxwell laws. Electromagnetic waves. Basics on geometrical optics.

Fundamental concepts in biological chemistry.
Nucleotides and nucleic acids: structure and function.
Proteins: general concepts on structure and function.
Amminoacids: Structure and general properties, classification and formulas, specific properties, acid-base properties.
The peptide bond, properties and structure, primary structure.
Determination of the primary structure of proteins.
Methods for the study and purification of proteins: chromatography and electrophoresis.
Secondary structure: Ramachandran plot, helices, beta filaments and sheets.
Fibrous proteins.
Tertiary structure: classification and methods of investigation.
Quaternary structure and symmetry.
Reversible binding of a ligand to a protein: myoglobin and hemoglobin structure and function
Proteins as molecular motors: actin-myosin system, microtubule system, bacterial flagellar system
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (classification and stereoisomery), disaccharides, structural and storage polysaccharides, glycosamminoglycanes, glycoproteins.
Lipids: fatty acids, triacilglycerols, glycerophospholipids, sphyngolipids, cholesterol, cell membranes, trasport across the membranes, membrane proteins.
Introduction to metabolism: pathaways, flux, regulation, methods to study the metabolism.
Enzymes: general properties and classification, activation energy, kinetic parameters definition and calculation.
Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis, examples, mechanism of protease activity.
Enzyme kinetics: mechanism of enzyme inhibition, allosteric regulation.
Cofactors and vitamins: general properties, function, biological effects.
Liposoluble vitamins: vitamins A, D, K, E, formulae, reactivity and role in metabolism.
Vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, H, PP, panthotenic acid, TFH4, formulae, reactivity and role in metabolism.
High energy molecules in metabolism: formulae and bioenergetics.
Glucose catabolism: glycolisis and its regulation, lactic and alcoholic fermentation.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Citric acid cycle and its regulation
Electron transport: the respiratory chain, the redox centres, cofactors, protein complexes and bioenergetics.
Oxidative phosphorylation: ATP sintase structure-function
Catabolism of fatty acids: beta-oxidation, regulation, ketone bodies
Generalities on the catabolism of amminoacids and urea cycle.
Carbohydrates anabolism: gluconeogenesys and pentose phosphates pathway.
Lipid biosynthesis: fatty acids and cholesterol biosynthesis.
Nitrogen cycle: reactions and enzymes, general priciples on amminoacids biosynthesis.
Biosynthesis of purines and pirimidines.